Science of Biofuels

This comprehensive, multi-level lesson explores the science, systems, and trade-offs of biofuels—energy sources made from living plant material. Designed for flexibility across higher grade levels, the unit begins by introducing how plants store and release energy, then defines biofuels with real-world examples like ethanol and biodiesel. Students investigate the benefits and drawbacks of using agricultural crops for fuel, engaging with the ongoing “food vs. fuel” debate and larger questions of land use, energy access, and sustainability.

The lesson includes:

• Bell ringers to activate prior knowledge, spark curiosity, and launch the lesson
• Tiered readings on biofuels: one written at a middle school level, the other at a high school level
• A robust vocabulary list with student-friendly definitions and a built-in quiz
• A real-world data set for students to analyze current trends in biofuel production and usage
• A computational exercise involving energy output and efficiency comparisons
• A hands-on lab activity where students model ethanol fermentation using simple materials
• An exit ticket for informal formative assessment to check for understanding, reinforce key takeaways 

The lesson centers on the chemical process of fermentation—how sugars from plants are converted into fuel—and challenges students to consider the societal, environmental, and technological implications of using biofuels in place of fossil fuels.

This package includes a complete Student Guide (with all materials scaffolded for learners) and a Teacher Guide with instructions, discussion prompts, answer keys, and extension ideas. Whether used in a single class period or over multiple days, this lesson brings energy science to life through data, discovery, and debate.